Aperture
Changing the aperture on a camera allows you to control the amount of light that will enter the camera lens and therefore how much light can reach the film, it also changes the depth of field (what areas appear to be in focus). By changing the aperture in combination with changing the shutter speed the photographer has a lot of control in creating their desired photograph.
Generally, a small aperture with a slow shutter speed, will allow the photographer greater depth of field, the photograph will show the main object clearly and the background fairly clearly too. A large aperture, with a fast shutter speed will also allow you to see the main object clearly, however the background will be blurred. By experimenting with these controls the photographer can create their desired effect.
The human eye is an example of aperture. In low light the pupil will become open and large to allow more light in. In bright light the pupil will constrict and become small to reduce light. When someone is trying to read small print, naturally they will often squint and lean in; large print, open their eyes and lean away.
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aperture
